英语翻译考试
2023年9月14日发(作者：2022年团委工作计划(精选10篇))
简爱第一章读书笔记100字-
英语翻译考试单选有六⼗分，⼀般多是短句，重点看短句翻译。给英语选出正确的汉语翻译（⼆选⼀），20分；习语翻译（⼆选⼀），20分；颜⾊词翻译（⼆选⼀），10分；九中修辞（四选⼀），10分，掌握各种修辞的英⽂名称，或许会有让你选择此句⼦采⽤了何种修辞的题⽬。整段翻译，40分，在翻译时最好不要隔句翻译，遇到不会的根据上下⽂语境可猜出来，即使不对也要写，这样得分会⽐隔句翻译⾼。In all or most of our dealings with other states, the Charter will be our guiding star.【译⽂】在处理我国与其他国家之间的全部或⼤部分事务时，宪章将成为我们的指路明灯。【解析】“dealings”是名词，虽然汉译时没改变“对待，处理”的词意，却改变了词性，把名词译成了动词。He stole her a watch.A. 他给她偷了⼀块表。【解析】答案A. “watch”既有“⼿表”⼜有“看，凝视”的意思, 和“steal”搭配成“steal sb. sth.”意思是“为某⼈偷窃某物”；“steal one’sthings”是“偷窃某⼈的东西”；“偷看某⼈⼀眼”，英语应是“steal a glance”。例2：That girl student is in the green.B. 那个⼥⽣正值青春年少。【解析】答案B. “be in the green”译为“处于青春期；⾎⽓⽅刚”，去掉其中的冠词“the”，写成“be in green”这样才是“⾝着绿装”。英语中像这样的词汇很多，⽐如“be in the red”“负债”；“be in the black”“盈利”；“be in the pink”“⾝体健康”等等。例3：He tried to seem angry, but his smile betrayed him.A. 他装出⽣⽓的样⼦，可是笑容暴露了他的真实情感。【解析】答案A. 这句话的关背键是对“betrayed”的理解，“betray”本意是“叛”，常可以搭配“背叛事业，背叛祖国，背叛⼈民”，⽽这⾥的意思是指背叛“angry”“情感”，所以就可译成“暴露了他的真实情感”，合情合理，符合汉语表达习惯,合情合理。例4：Science is a servant of mankind.D. 科学造福于⼈类。【解析】答案D. “servant”意为“仆⼈，奴⾪，⼯具”，可理解为“服务”“造福”，科学可改变⼈类，优化环境，丰富⽣活，给⼈类带来许多好处，“造福于⼈类”。In an odd way the two leaders diminished each other.D. 奇怪的是, 这两位领袖站在⼀起，都不如原来的形象那么伟⼤了。【解析】答案D. “diminish”是使彼此⽆意识地形成感觉，如果这两位领导⼈（丘吉尔Churchill和罗斯福Roosevelt）在⼀起就⽤⼀种奇怪的⽅式来“贬低”“排挤”对⽅，则令⼈费解，也不是领导、领袖的作风。例4：He pretends to be as modest as anything.【译⽂】他装得极为谦虚。【解析】“as modest as anything”是形容词⽐较结构。例5：We should find truth in the light of science.【译⽂】根据科学，探求真理。【解析】“in the light of”是“根据；按照”。例1：Any literate person on the face of the globe is deprived if he does not know English.【译⽂】世界上任何有⽂化的⼈，如果不懂英语就算不上个真正的⽂化⼈。【解析】“be deprived of ”是“剥夺某⼈享有或使⽤某事物的权利”，若译作“地球上任何有⽂化的⼈，如果不懂英语将被剥夺”，让⼈感到莫名其妙，不明⽩到底在说什么，因此要补全它的搭配省略部分。例2：She is forty, if she is a day.【译⽂】她⾄少40岁了。【解析】“if she is a day”对主语肯定，语⽓较强，表⽰“确实”，“肯定”之意。例3：The housewife is not at home to visitors.【译⽂】家庭主妇不接待客⼈。【解析】不能译为“家庭主妇不在家，去看客⼈了”。“at home to visitors”意思是“ready to receive visitors”“在家接待客⼈”,如：Mrs Hill is not at home to anyone except close relatives(希尔夫⼈不会客，但近亲除外)。例6：Beyond the light of the fire everything was swallowed up the blackness of darkness.(Mark Twain: Adventures of Tom Sawyer)【译⽂】在⽕光照不到的地⽅，⼀切都被吞没在夜的⿊暗之中。【解析】“the blackness of darkness”是意义相同的词重复强调。例1：It’s no legend. My father knew the two men involved.【译⽂】这可不是瞎说。那两个与本案有关的⼈我⽗亲都认识。【解析】英语分词作后置定语，汉译成前置定语。例2：They are to send a government trade delegation to China.【译⽂】他们将派⼀个政府贸易代表团到中国来。【解析】名词词组→汉译成前置定语，英汉⼀致。例3：The fundamental way out for agriculture lies in mechanization. 【译⽂】农业的根本出路在于机械化。【解析】介词短语→汉译成前置定语。例4：She was happiness incarnate.【译⽂】她是幸福的化⾝。【解析】形容词“incarnate”⽤作后置定语，汉译成名词，作中⼼词，抽象名词“happiness”译作前置定语。例1：He left today week.【译⽂】她上星期的今天离开了。【解析】“today week”是“a week from today”,这是个表⽰时间的惯⽤语，具体的词义依照句中时态判断来翻译，在此句中译作“上星期的今天”。例2：He will leave today week.【译⽂】他将在下星期的今天离开。【解析】“today week”在此句中译作“下星期的今天”。例3：It isn’t half hot today.【译⽂】今天热得很。【解析】“not half”置于形容词前表⽰“⾮常；很”，以此来加强语⽓。【译⽂】我⾮常愿意来。【解析】副词“only”与“too, just, not”等副词连⽤，构成固定讲法，⽤在形容词、副词之前加强语⽓，起强调作⽤。例5：I’m nothing of a scholar.【译⽂】我不识字。【解析】“nothing of ”相当于⼀个副词短语作状语，表⽰“根本不”，⽽“something of”作状语，表⽰“有点”，⽐如：Mr Li issomething of a philosopher.（李先⽣略有哲学家的风度）。例6：Bunyan was sent to school for a short time, where he learned to read and write after a fashion. （Wu Weiren: Historyand Anthology of English Literature）【译⽂】班扬上学少，学习也不怎么好。【解析】“after a fashion”短语作状语，意思是“not very good”。例1：This attitude has been described as anything from a “merciful loss of memory”to “escapist therapy”.【译⽂】⼈们对这种态度议论纷纷，有的说是“好⼼的遗忘”，有的说是“逃避现实的疗法”。【解析】英语简单句→汉语联合复句.例2：His superior grades at high school enabled him to enroll at the tuition-free Beijing University.【译⽂】由于中学成绩优异，他免费上了北京⼤学。【解析】英语简单句→汉语偏正复句的因果句.例3：His weariness and the increasing heat determined him to sit down in the first convenient shade.【译⽂】她很疲惫，也感到越来越热，于是决定⼀遇到有阴凉的地⽅就坐下来休息。【解析】英语简单句→汉语偏正复句的因果句.例1：He doesn’t know what life means to him.【译⽂】他不知道⼈⽣的意义。【解析】英语主从复合句→汉语简单句.例2：What troubles me is that I don’t have much experience in this kind of work.【译⽂】使我苦恼的是我做这种⼯作经验不多。【解析】英语主从复合句→汉语简单句.例3：He was very clean and his mind was open.【译⽂】他为⼈单纯⽽坦率。【解析】英语并列句→汉语简单句.1：I enjoy the clean voluptuousness of the warm breeze on my skin and the cool support of water.【译⽂】和煦的微风吹拂着我的肌肤，凉爽的海⽔托浮着我的⾝体。我享受着那种纯净的的感觉。【解析】从外到内：肌肤→⾝体→感觉；微风吹拂→海⽔托浮→享受；和煦→凉爽→；感觉→享受→，都符合空间发展排列顺序。例1：The young cyclist dashed about madly and was knocked down by a truck.【译⽂】那个骑车的青年横冲直撞，结果被⼀辆卡车撞倒了。【解析】把英语并列句译成了汉语因果句，虽然语⾔顺序⼀致，但其结构发⽣了变化，前⾯的“横冲直撞”是因，后边的“被撞倒”是果。例1：Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection weakness, thrift avarice.【译⽂】勇敢过度，即成蛮勇；感情过度，即成溺爱；节约过度，即成贪婪。【解析】在“affection”和“thrift”之后省去了“inexcess becomes”, 汉译根据上下⽂都补译出来，⽽且译⽂全都是四字⼀句，既符合原⽂意思，⼜合乎逻辑，结构平⾏对称，语⾔符合习惯。例2：He turned to the columns in which were announced the births, deaths, and marriages.【译⽂】他转⽽去看报上登载添丁得⼥、红⽩喜事的专栏。【解析】“the births, deaths, and marriages”⼏个词放在⼀起，很⾃然地给⼈⼀个情景，汉语增译成“添丁得⼥、红⽩喜事”，既忠实于原⽂意思，⼜符合汉语习惯，表达⼗分地道。例3：He stands on the threshold of a distinguished career.【译⽂】他前程似锦。【解析】汉语“前程似锦”正好符合英语“stands on the threshold of a distinguished career”所表达的意思，这样译，既简练⼜不违背英语原⽂之意。例1：The love of money is the root of all evils.【译⽂】爱财是万恶之源。【解析】the love of money是兼动名词结构,翻译时可改变词类，把英语名词the love汉译成动词“爱”；兼动名词结构汉译成动宾结构“爱财”或“贪财”。例2：It’s really worrying that a lot of nonsense which is meant merely to be for the entertainment ofadults becomes accepted as authoritative by minors.【译⽂】这些娱乐成年⼈的东西，在未成年⼈⼼⽬中却成了向往追求的东西，真让⼈担⼼。【解析】“Authoritative”是形容词“有权威的；可相信的”，却汉译成名词“偶像权威；追求向往的东西”。例3：In all or most of our dealings with other states, the Charter will be our guiding star.【译⽂】在处理我国与其他国家之间的全部或⼤部分事务时，宪章将成为我们的指路明灯。【解析】“dealings”是名词，虽然汉译时没改变“对待，处理”的词意，却改变了词性，把名词译成了动词。1）He is little of a scholar.【译⽂】他没有学者的风度。2）He is very much of a poet.【译⽂】他⼤有诗⼈之⽓派。3）He’s only not a boy.【译⽂】他简直是个孩⼦。4）Not knowing her telephone number, I can not contact her immediately.【译⽂】由于不知道她的电话号码，我⽆法⽴刻与她联系。5) Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as of admiration.【译⽂】⽆知是恐惧的根源，也是敬佩的根源。6) With all his achievements he remains modest and prudent.【译⽂】她虽有很多成就，但还是谦虚谨慎。7) Everything considered, your essay seems better written.【译⽂】如果各⽅⾯都考虑到，你的论⽂似乎会写得更好些。8) We maintain that no peace situation is permanent which does not take into account the legitimate wishes of the majority ofthe people of any country.【译⽂】我们认为，如果不尊重⼀个国家⼤多数⼈民的正当愿望，任何和平局⾯都不会是持久的。9) It would have been of as much avail to interrogate any stone face outside chateau as to interrogate that face of his.【译⽂】从他那张脸上审视不出什么，正如从城堡外⾯任何⼀张⽯脸上审视不出什么⼀样。（as much …as 在这⾥相当于aslittle …as，⽤以衬托否定含义。）10) Surgeon that Fleming was, he did not know penicillin which kills bacteria and germs.【译⽂】虽然弗莱明是外科医⽣，他当时并不知道杀死细菌和病菌的是青霉素。【解析】英语让步状语从句，从句在前，主句在后，汉语译⽂和英语结构、意义⼀致。习语I’m all ears. “我洗⽿恭听”pull someone’s leg 开玩笑，戏弄某⼈to drain the radiator 上厕所poke one’s nose into something 某⼈管闲事Talk of the devil, and he is sure to appear“说曹操，曹操到”a die-hard 死硬派think tank 思想库time frame 时间框架the hot line 热线paper tiger 纸⽼虎armed to the teeth 武装到⽛齿comfort woman慰安妇to burn one’s boats 破釜沉⾈to fan the flame(s) 煽风点⽕to turn a deaf ear to 充⽿不闻to have a well-oiled tongue油腔滑调a gentleman’s agreement君⼦协定an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth 以眼还眼，以⽛还⽛Practice makes perfect. 熟能⽣巧。Example is better than precept. ⾝教胜于⾔传。Long absent, soon forgotten. 久别情疏。Add fuel to the fire. ⽕上加油。Run with the tail between the legs. 夹着尾巴逃跑。Mark made signs with his hands and moved his mouth soundlessly to show that walls have ears.马克打着⼿势，⼜努努嘴，以⽰隔墙有⽿。Mary and John were bellowing and shouting enough to wake the dead. 玛丽和约翰⼤声吼叫，⾜以把死⼈吵醒。castle in the air “空中楼阁”go through fire and water 赴汤蹈⽕to laugh off one’s head 笑掉⽛齿to praise to the skies 捧上天去the apple of the to eye 掌上明珠Walls have ears. 隔墙有⽿。Life is but an empty dream. ⼈⽣如梦。Give him an inch and he’ll take an ell. 得⼨进尺。Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. 情⼈眼⾥出西施。He spent money like water. 他花钱跟流⽔似地。An idle youth，a needy age. 少壮不努⼒，⽼⼤徒伤悲。While there is life, there is hope. 留得青⼭在，不怕没柴烧。The trouble is you’re too good-natured and people take advantage of it. All lay load on the willing horse. You will have tolearn to refuse people who ask too much.问题是你⼈太好，反被⼈欺，所谓“⼈善被⼈欺，马善被⼈骑”，对于那些要求过分的⼈要学会说“不”。beltway connections华盛顿政界的各种关系（Beltway原指华盛顿市的道路环线）byzantine foreign policy 让⼈捉摸不透的外交政策to cross the Rubicon做出（采取）⽆可后悔的决定（⾏动）；破釜沉⾈the Gordian knot ⼽尔迪之结（棘⼿的问题或艰巨的任务）the heel of Achilles 阿基⾥斯的脚跟（惟⼀致命的弱点）to meet one’s Waterloo 遭到惨败；败⾛麦城skeleton in the cupboard（closet）家丑the sword of Damacles 悬挂在达摩克利斯头顶上的剑（临头的危险）the touch of Midas 点⽯成⾦the Trojan horse 特洛伊⽊马（内部颠覆者，起内部破坏作⽤的⼈或事物) to take French leave 不辞⽽别；擅⾃⾏动to pull the wool over one’s eyes 掩⼈⽿⽬to open Pandora’s box 打开潘多拉盒⼦（引起疾病、罪恶、疯狂等各种祸患）to beat about (around) the bush 拐弯抹⾓to break the ice 打破沉默to dog-ear a book 折书⾓to hold one’s horse 忍耐to know the rope 内⾏a fish out of water 好不⾃在Call a spade a spade. 有啥说啥；直⾔不讳From the egg to the apple. ⾃始⾄终At breakfast, eat like a king. 早饭吃饱。At lunch, eat like a prince. 中饭吃好。At supper, eat like a pauper. 晚饭吃少。Rolling stone gathers no moss. 滚⽯不⽣苔（搬家不聚财）。under the counter (table) ⿁⿁祟祟Beyond the mountains there are people to be found.⼭外有⼭,天外有天。2)A book is known in time of need. 书到⽤时⽅恨少.3)Cry for the moon. 海底捞⽉。4)Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. 早睡早起，富裕、聪明、⾝体好。5)Even a worm will turn. ⼈急造反，狗急跳墙。6)Feed a cold and starve a fever. 伤风时宜吃，发烧时需饿。7)Great hopes make a great man. 宏伟抱负造伟⼈。8)He that is down, down with him 落井下⽯。9)He who makes no mistakes makes nothing.不犯错误的⼈⼀事⽆成。10)Like cures like. 以毒攻毒。11)A lion’s skin is never cheap. 好货不便宜。12)A fool always rushes to the fore. 愚⼈总喜强出头。13)A maid that laughs is half taken. 姑娘露笑脸，婚事成⼀半。14)A ragged coat may cover an honest man. ⼈穷志不短。15)There’s many a true word spoken in jest.笑语之中有真话。16)It is as well to know which way the wind blows.识时务者为俊杰。17)Knowledge in youth is wisdom in age.少时有知识，⽼来有智慧。18)Life is not all roses.⼈⽣征途，哪能处处鲜花密布。19)Life is half spent before we know what it is.懂得⼈⽣时，⼈⽣已过半。20)Gold remain , gold, though it lies in the mud.即使埋在泥⾥，黄⾦还是黄⾦。1)baby kisser 为竞选⽽到处笼络⼈⼼的政客2)backseat driver因瞎指挥⽽坏事的⼈3)bad sailor 晕船的⼈4)better half 丈夫或妻⼦5)blind date 由两⼈或为两⼈安排的初次约会6)bug doctor 精神病医⽣；⼼理学专家7)busy-body 爱管闲事的⼈8)carry the torch for sb. 单相思，痴恋9)confidence man 骗⼦10)dead president 美钞11)dime store 廉价商店12)end paper 衬页13)goo goo eyes 秋波，媚眼14)goose flesh 鸡⽪疙瘩15)gut cours 易得学分的⼤学课程16)happy money 供零花的钱17)legshow 脱⾐舞19)night cart 粪车20)oil burner 破旧的汽车1)American Beauty 美国四季开花的蔷薇2)China policy 对华政策3)Dutch courage 酒后之勇4)Dutch treat 各⾃付钱的聚餐5)English disease 软⾻病6)French grey 浅灰⾊7)French window 落地长窗8)Indian meal ⽟⽶粉9)Robinson Crusoe 孤独的⼈10)uncle dudley ⾃⼰11)Uncle Sam 美国⼈12)Uncle Tom 美国⿊⼈1)to beat a dead horse 枉费⼼机2)to bring down the house 赢得满堂喝彩3)to call somebody names 辱骂某⼈4)to cut somebody dead 假装不认识某⼈5)to follow like a sheep 盲从6)to give sb. a box on the ear 打⽿光7)to pull somebody’s leg 开某⼈的玩笑8)to make horseplay 胡闹，搞恶作剧9)to go fly a kite 10)to have a fall 被捕11)to know a thing or two about sth精通某事12)to make a killing 发⼤财13)to think a great deal of oneself 过⾼地估计⾃⼰14)to turn one’s coat 背叛1)pig head 顽固分⼦2)pill pusher/sawbones 医⽣；毒枭3)road apple马粪（道路上⼀堆堆的）4)red tape 官僚主义5)salt horse 腌⽜⾁6)salad days 最幸福的青春岁⽉7)see red ⼤怒，⼤发雷霆8)smoke-eater 消防队员9)snap course 易得⾼分的⼤学课程10)straight from the shoulder 直接地，坦率地11)student driver 教练车12)sweetie-pie /sweet pea爱⼈，13)a leak/ wet ⼩便14)throw the bull /talk horse吹⽜，闲聊15)lay an egg 失败九种修辞占10分，四选⼀(着重看短句)，并且，各种修辞的英⽂名称能够认识歧义(Ambiguity)例1：I didn’t come because of him.【译⽂⼀】我来并不是由于他的缘故才来。【译⽂⼆】由于他的缘故我没来。例2：We haven’t called the meeting to discuss this problem.【译⽂⼀】我们开会并⾮为了讨论这个问题。【译⽂⼆】我们没有开会讨论这个问题。例3：We grumbled a little now and then, to be sure. But there is no love lost between us.【译⽂⼀】有时我俩也会闹点⼩别扭什么的，但是我俩毫⽆爱情。【译⽂⼆】我俩有时也会闹点⼩别扭什么的，不过我俩还是⼗分相爱的。例4：Men and women born before 1958 would be excluded entirely; they would not even be asked to register.【译⽂⼀】1958年以前出⽣的⼈完全不包括在内，甚⾄不要求他们注册。【译⽂⼆】男⼈和1958年以前出⽣的⼥⼈都不包括在内，甚⾄不要求他们注册。例1：He had a book stolen from the library.【译⽂⼀】他让别⼈从图书馆偷了⼀本书。【译⽂⼆】他有⼀本从图书馆偷来的书。【译⽂三】他有⼀本书在图书馆被⼈偷⾛了。例2：The operation troubled him.【译⽂⼀】这⼀⼿术让他伤脑筋。（医学）【译⽂⼆】这次军事演习使他烦恼。（军事）【译⽂三】这⼀运算让他伤脑筋。（数学）【译⽂四】这⼀操作让他伤脑筋。（计算机）双关(Pun)She’s too low for a high praise, too brown for a fair praise, and too little for a great praise.(William Shakespeare: Much Ado About Nothing) 【译⽂】她太矮，经不起⾼度的赞扬；⽪肤太黝⿊，经不起说她⽩皙的赞扬；个⼦太瘦⼩，经不起⾼⼤的赞扬。【解析】“low”既表⽰“矮”也表⽰“地位低下”，说⼈⾝体矮⽤“short”，⾝材⾼⽤“tall”，这⾥故意⽤“high”和“low”这对反义词，形成对照。“fair”既表⽰“⽩皙”，也表⽰“公正”，这就形成了双关。从字⾯上看似乎是在谈“she”她的⾝材容貌问题，实际上是在说“she”的社会地位⾼低的问题。例2：If we don’t hang together, we shall hang separately.【译⽂⼀】如果我们不紧密地团结在⼀起，那就会被⼀个⼀个地绞死。【译⽂⼆】如果我们不被集体绞死，那也会被⼀个⼀个地绞死。【解析】这是Franklin 1776年在美国独⽴宣⾔签字仪式上的讲话。他运⽤“hang”这⼀同形异义词构成了双关，语⾳格外⽣动有⼒，说明美国各殖民地除了宣布独⽴以外，⽆他路可⾛Ask for me tomorrow and you shall find me a grave man.【译⽂⼀】明天你来我，你将会发现我已经是⼀个严肃的⼈。【译⽂⼆】明天你来我，你会发现我已经是⼀个墓中之⼈了。（死了）【解析】这是莎⼠⽐亚的剧作《罗⽶欧与朱丽叶》中的⼈物Mercutio在决⽃中负了致命伤时说的话，表现了他的开朗性格，同时也增加了Mercutio之死的悲剧⾊彩。例4：——What do lawyers do when they die?——Lie still.【译⽂⼀】——律师死后⼲什么？——静静地躺着。【译⽂⼆】——律师死后⼲什么？——仍在撒谎。【解析】精⼼选⽤动词“lie”的“居住”和“撒谎”意义，对善说谎⾔的律师进⾏了⾟辣⽽绝妙的讽刺，具有异曲同⼯之妙。还如“——Why are lawyers all uneasy sleepers? ——Because they lie first on one side and then on the other, and remain wideawake all the time.”可理解为“——为什么律师都睡不好觉？因为他们⼀会⼉躺在这边，⼀会⼉躺在那边，所以整夜睡不安宁。”⼜可理解为“——为什么律师都睡不好觉？因为他们⼀会⼉在这⼀⽅撒谎，⼀会⼉在那⼀⽅撒谎，所以他们都是提⼼吊例1：——Why do you say the river is rich?——Because it has two banks.【译⽂】——为什么说这条河很富有？——因为它有两家银⾏。（河岸）例2：——What flower does everybody have?——Tulips.【译⽂】——⼈⼈都有的花该是什么花？——郁⾦⾹。【解析】这是因为郁⾦⾹“tulip”的读⾳恰巧和⼈的双唇“two lips—tulips”的读⾳相似，此处正好借⽤这⼀发⾳巧妙造成双关。例3：Once a pretty girl student came to the room for the interview. It was the first time that she had taken the exam. She wasso excited and nervous during the interview that she left her bag on the desk. When she came back for it, my colleague, , handed her the bag.“Thank you very much,”she said.“You are welcome,”Mr. Smith replied, smiling.【译⽂】⼀天，有位漂亮的⼥学⽣⾛进考场。这是她第⼀次参加⼝试，在⾯试中太激动，太紧张了，临⾛时竞忘了拿包。当她再次回来取包时，我同事史密斯先⽣将包递给了她。“谢谢你。”那⼥⽣说。“欢迎你再来！”史密斯先⽣笑着说。【解析】“You are welcome”在这⾥有双重意思，⼀是“不客⽓，不⽤谢”，⼆是“欢迎下次再来”。⼥学⽣向史密斯先⽣表⽰感谢，是因为他给她递了包，⽽史密斯先⽣巧⽤“You are welcome”向学⽣表⽰客⽓，应译为“不客⽓”，这样才能和“谢谢你”⼀致，可译为“不客⽓”，反倒失去了考官之本意；同时向学⽣开了个玩笑“欢迎你再来”，让学⽣也这样理解，两个意思都存在，⼀语双关。由此可见，这种双关产⽣的幽默就体现在语境之中。例4：Bruce hit something hard when eating a meat pie. He found that it was a piece of human nail. He felt annoyed and wentto the owner of the snack bar.“You really surprised me, sir,”he began. “I found something foreign in the food,”Bruce complained.“What?”the owner looked confused.”We’ve got nothing from other countries.【译⽂】布鲁斯吃⾁馅⼉饼时，咬到⼀个硬的东西，⼀看是块⼈的指甲。他很⽓愤，马上来到快餐店店主⾯前。“这太令⼈吃惊了，先⽣，”他说，“我在你的馅⼉饼⾥发现异物（something foreign），”布鲁斯表⽰不满。“什么？”店主⼤惑不解地说，“我们店⾥没有外国货。”【解析】“foreign”有两个意思，⼀个是“外国的”，⼀个是“异质的”，即不属于某个地⽅的，不应该在某个地⽅出现的。店主显然是按第⼀种意思把“something foreign”理解车成了“外国货”，⽽顾客指的是“异物”。这种⽤法在此出现，显得风趣幽默，滑稽可笑。⽭盾修辞(Oxymoron)例1：His honour rooted in dishonour faith unfaithful kept him falsely true.【译⽂】他的荣誉⽣根于不荣誉。他的不忠诚可靠的忠实使他以真还假。【解析】象这种修辞汉语译⽂既要表达原⽂的思想，⼜要体现原⽂的精神和风格，也确实很难。所以，在具体译的过程中，能套译的就套译，不能套译的只要不失原意、不削弱原⽂的表现⼒和感染⼒，可⽤汉语的其他修辞⽅法去译。⽐如“a livingdeath”(半死不活)；“sweet sorrow”(喜忧参半)；“terrible pleased”（喜极欲狂）；“proud humility”(不卑不亢)；“cold fire”（⽕焰如冰）等都是很好的译例。例2：“——That time is past,And all its aching joys are now no more,And all its dizzy raptures.”(Wordsworth: Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey) 【译⽂】“——快乐的时光已成过去，这痛苦的喜悦，眩晕的狂欢都不复存在。”夸张(Hyperbole)例1：As for models, she is a girl in a million.【译⽂】要是作时装模特的话，她可是百⾥挑⼀的好姑娘。【解析】“in a million”“in a thousand”直译是“百万⾥挑⼀”、“千⾥挑⼀”的意思，可这样译汉语读者感到很不⾃然；译为“百⾥挑⼀”，虽然在字⾯上夸张的程度是⼩了点，但语⾔功能对等，符合汉语表达习惯，读者⾃然可以接受。例2：I’ve told you fortytimes that if you touched that jam I’d skin you. 【译⽂】你要偷吃果酱，我就剥你的⽪。我对你已讲过⼀百遍了。【解析】如把“forty times”译为“四⼗遍”，过于精确，显得⾮常虚假，反倒不能传情达意；这是个模糊概念，读者也明⽩不是整整⼀百遍。例3：He had an egglike head, froglike jaws and a grey hairy fringe round the lower part of his face, the whole combined witha reddish aquiline nose, two dim narrow eyes and hands that reached a mile out of his sleeves.【译⽂】他长着⼀个蛋形脑袋，⼀个青蛙下巴，脸的下部长着⼀圈灰⽑，此外，还长着⼀个发红的鹰钩⿐⼦，两只狭⼩暗淡的眼睛，两只⼿露在袖⼝外⽼长⽼长。【解析】这⾥借助夸张⽐喻，活⽣⽣地勾画出⼀幅令⼈憎恨的丑陋嘴脸。例1：I am greater than the stars for I know that they are up there and they do not know that I am down here.【译⽂】我⽐星星还伟⼤。因为我知道星星在天上，⽽星星却不知道我在地上。【解析】⽤幽默夸张的⼿法，讽刺了“我”的⽆知和渺⼩，强调了“⼈贵有⾃知之明”的道理。类⽐(Analogy)Men are April when they woo, December when they wed, maids are May when they maids, but the sky changes when theyare wives.(William Shakespeare) 【译⽂】男⼈在恋爱时犹如和煦的四⽉，婚后却像寒冬腊⽉; 闺中少⼥则宛若温暖的五⽉，⽽为⼈妇后却像易变的天⽓阴晴莫测。例2：Before you reprehend another, take heed you are not culpable in what you go about to reprehend. He who cleanses ablot with blotted fingers makes a greater blur. (Quarles )【译⽂】在指责别⼈之前，必须注意⾃⼰不要犯所要指责的⽑病。⽤脏⼿擦污迹，只会把污迹弄得更⼤。例3：Beauty is as summer-fruits, which are easy to corrupt, and cannot last: and, for the most part, it makes a dissolute youth,and an age a little out of countenance: but yet certainly again, if it light well, it maketh virtues shine, and vices b1ush. (FrancisBacon: Of Beauty)【译⽂】美者犹如夏⽇蔬果，易腐难存；要之，年少⽽美者常⽆⾏，年长⽽美者不免⾯有惭⾊。虽然，但须托体得⼈，则德⾏因美⽽益彰，恶⾏见美⽽愈愧．（王佐良译）例4：Full many a gem of purest ray dark unfathom’d caves of ocean bear;Full many a flower is born to blush waste its sweetness on the desert air.(Gray) 【译⽂】许多最纯洁透明闪光的宝⽯，埋藏在海洋的莫测的⿊暗中；许多鲜花开出来就⽆⼈看见，它们的芬芳浪费在荒郊野地。逻辑关系( Logical Contexts )例1：World-famous for his works he was never personally well known, for throughout his life he avoided publicity.【正】他的成就驰名世界，⽽他个⼈却始终默默⽆闻，因为他整个⼀⽣总是避免抛头露⾯。【解析】这是描写诺贝尔其⼈的⼀句话，如果⽤“⽆⼈所知”来翻译前半句更能客观地反映出诺贝尔的为⼈，那么后半句的“publicity”固然有出风头的意思，但是⽤来形容诺贝尔则显得有失恭敬。例2：He is an orator, if ever there was one.【译⽂】世界上没有演说家则罢了，如有，那就是他。例3：He is seventy, if a day.【译⽂】他该有70岁了。【解析】“if a day”意为“⾄少有”“⽆论如何应该是”。若译为“他总有⼀天会70岁的”就不对了。例4：John got sick, then his brothers and sisters all got sick. It never rains but pours.【译⽂】约翰病倒了，接着弟弟妹妹都病了，真是祸不单⾏。例5: ——“What did you say, dear?”——“I said that I love you and that I can’t wait until you are mine.”【译⽂】——“你说什么来着，亲爱的？”——“我说我爱你，巴不得你马上嫁给我。”【解析】如把“I can’t wait until you are mine”译成“要等到你嫁给我的那⼀天，我等不及了”，译⽂⽤字多，句⼦长，表达啰嗦，说这话占时间⽐较长，长语⾔和急⼼情不相配，“巴不得你马上嫁给我”利索精练，符合此时此刻的急切⼼情。例1: A beautiful form is better than a beautiful face; a beautiful behavior than a beautiful form.【译⽂】形体美胜于容貌美，⾏为美胜于形体美。【解析】如果译成“美丽的外形胜过美丽的脸蛋，美丽的⾏为胜过美丽的外形”。似乎是把脸蛋看成是⼈体外形以外的部分，令⼈费解。⼤家都知道，脸蛋使⼈体外表的⼀个不可缺少的部分，可见译⽂在逻辑上不通。正⽂中的“form”应指“body”，即“形体”，所以原⽂应译为“形体美胜于容貌美，⾏为美胜于形体美”则更符合逻辑。例2: They left me at the gate, not easily or lightly; and it was a strange sight to me to see the cart go on, taking Paggoty away,and leaving me under the elm tree looking at the house in which there was no face to look at me with love or liking any more.【译⽂】送到门⼝，我们就分⼿了，当时的⽓氛既不凝重，也不轻松。马车拉着帕格迪⾛了，我站在⽼榆树下，望着那没有感情，没有爱的房⼦，很恍惚。【解析】他们在门⼝分⼿时的情景是“not easily or lightly”，要表达这种感觉，⽤了“当时的⽓氛”来说明那时的⼼情“既不凝重，也不轻松”。3: My first quarter at Lowood seemed an age, and not the golden age either; it comprised an irksome struggle with difficultiesin habituating myself to new rules and unwonted tasks. The fear of failure in these points harassed me worse than thephysical hardships of my lot, though these were no trifles. （Charlotte Brontee: Jane Eyre）【译⽂】我在劳渥德的⼀个季度似乎有⼀个时代那么长。⽽且还不是黄⾦时代；在这个季度⾥，我得作令⼈种种⽣厌的⽃争，来克服困难。使⾃⼰习惯于新的规则，习惯于陌⽣的⼯作。我⼀直担⼼，怕在这⽅⾯出什么差错，这可⽐命中注定要⾝受艰苦，更叫我苦恼，虽说艰苦也并不是⼩事。【解析】从经历上说，“我”在这个季节⾥→作⽃争→克服困难→习惯规则→习惯⼯作→担⼼→怕差错；从感觉上说，“我”感到这个季节似乎长→⽣厌→担⼼→怕→受苦→苦恼→⼩事；从逻辑关系上说，符合发展规律，合情合理。重复(Repetition)例1：Young men are fitter to invent than to judge, fitter for execution than for counsel, fitter for new projects than settledbusiness.【译⽂】年轻⼈善于发明，不善于判断；善于闯⼲，不善于协商；乐于实⾏新计划⽽不愿因循守旧。例2：To me, art seems to deal with a vivacity of seeing and looking. About noticing. About not taking things for how we see the world around us.【译⽂】对我来说，艺术是在观赏中享受激情活泼。艺术教我注意观察感知。艺术提醒我不要把事物理所当然。艺术教会我如何领悟周围的世界。例3：I remember my childhood names for grasses and secret flowers. I remember where a toad may live and what time thebirds awaken in the summer—and what trees and seasons smelled like—how people looked and walked and smelled even.【译⽂】我记得⼉时给各种⼩草和隐秘的⼩花取的名字。我记得蛤蟆喜欢在什么地⽅栖⾝，鸟雀夏天早晨什么时候醒来——我还记得各种树⽊和不同季节特有的⽓息——记得⼈们的形貌、⾛路的姿势，甚⾄⾝上的⽓味。【解析】原⽂有两个“I remember”的排⽐句，译⽂⽤了三个排⽐，并加进了⼀个“还”字。原⽂第⼆句中四个宾话从句也形成排⽐，译⽂也采取了排⽐形式，正好和原⽂对应。从语法结构上把原⽂中的两个宾语从句调整为句⼦，从整体上体现了原⽂的修辞效果；译⽂的选词⽤字浅显易懂，如“grasses”“⼩草”，“live”“栖⾝”，“smell”“⽓息”等，体现了原⽂的⽂体风格和感情⾊彩。例4：I didn’t teach because teaching is easy for me …Nor do I teach because I think I know answers or I have knowledge Ifeel compelled to share with others.(=I teach not because…/I teach neither because…) 【译⽂】我当⽼师，并不是因为我觉得教书轻松，……我当⽼师，也不是因为我认为⾃⼰能够解惑答疑，也不是因为我有满腹学问，⾮与别⼈分享不可。【解析】像这类“because”的原因状语从句，主句谓语为否定时，其实意义上否定的是原因状语，是⼀种特指否定，翻译时要从主句谓语否定转移到状语从句否定，并把状语从句重复翻译。例1：His mother described him at two as “round and fat and strong as a five-year-old.”【译⽂】母亲描绘他两岁时的情景时说: “圆圆胖胖, 结结实实, 象个五岁的孩⼦”。例2：I teach because I like the peace of the academic calendar …I teach because teaching is a profession built on change …I teach because I like the freedom to make my own mistakes, to learn my own lessons, to stimulate myself and my students…【译⽂】我教书，是因为我喜爱校历的步骤。……我教书，是因为教学是建⽴在“变”这⼀基础上的职业。……