四种翻译方法,十种翻译技巧
2023年10月21日发(作者：风一样的女子作文(3篇))
七年级上册英语U4课文-
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四种翻译方法
1.直译和意译
所谓直译，就是在译文语言条件许可时，在译文中既保持原文的内容，又保持原文的形式——特别指保持原文的比喻、形象和民族、地方彩等。
每一个民族语言都有它自己的词汇、句法结构和表达方法。当原文的思想内容与译文的表达形式有矛盾不宜采用直译法处理时，就应采用意译法。意译要求译文能正确表达原文的内容，但可以不拘泥与原文的形式。（张培基）
应当指出，在再能确切的表达原作思想内容和不违背译文语言规范的条件下，直译有其可取之处，一方面有助于保存原著的格调，另一方面可以进新鲜的表达方法。
Literal translation refers to an adequate representation of
the original. When the original coincides or almost tallies
with the Chinese language in the sequence of vocabulary, in
grammatical structure and rhetorical device, literal
translation must be used.
Free translation is also called liberal translation, which
does not adhere strictly to the form or word order of the
original.（郭著章）
直译法是指在不违背英语文化的前提下，在英译文中完全保留汉语词语的指称意义，求得内容和形式相符的方法。
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意译是指译者在受到译语社会文化差异的局限时，不得不舍弃原文的字面意义，以求疑问与原文的内容相符和主要语言功能的相似。（陈宏薇）
简单地说，直译指在译文中采用原作的的表达方法，句子结构与原句相似，但也不排除在短语层次进行某些调整。
意译指在译文中舍弃原作的表达方法，另觅同意等效的表达方法，或指对原作的句子结构进行较大的变化或调整。（杨莉藜）
Literal translation may be defined as having the following
characteristics:
1, literal translation takes sentences as its basic units and
the whole text into consideration at the same time in the course
of translating.
2, literal translation strives to reproduce both the
ideological content and style of the entire literary work and
retain as much as possible the figures of speech and such main
sentence structures or patterns as SV,SVO, SVC, SVA, SVOO, SVOC,
SVOA formulated by Randolph Quirk, one of the authors of the
book
A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language.
Free translation may be defined as a supplementary means to
mainly convey the meaning and spirit of the original without
trying to reproduce its sentence patterns or figures of speech.
And it is adopted only when and where it is really impossible
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for translators to do literal translation. (Liu Zhongde).
练习：
1.
He walked at the head of the funeral procession, and every
now and then wiped his crocodile tears with a big
handkerchief.
他走在送葬队伍的前头，还不时用一条大手绢擦一擦他的鳄鱼泪。
2.
It’s an ill wind that blows nobody good.
对有些人有害的事情可能对另一些人有利。
3.
Every dog has his day.
人人皆有得意日。
4.
It means killing two birds with one stone.
这意味着一石二鸟。
这意味着一举两得。
这意味着一箭双雕。
5.
你不要班门弄斧。
Don’t display your axe at Lu Ban’s door.
Don’t teach your grandmother to suck eggs.
Never offer to teach a fish to swim.
6.
Nixon was smiling and Kissinger smiling more broadly.
尼克松满面春风，基辛格更是笑容可掬。
7.
在我的后园，可以看见墙外有两株树，一株是枣树，还有一株也文案大全 实用标准文档
是枣树。
Behind the wall of my backyard you can see two trees: one
is a date tree, the other is also a date tree.
8.
油蛉在这里低唱，蟋蟀们在这里弹琴。
Here field crickets droned away while house crickets chirped
merrily.
9.
There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character
of a French man.
法国人的性格混合有老虎和猿的成分。
法国人的性格既残暴又狡猾。
虎恶狐狡，兼而有之，这就是法国人的性格。
10.
Every spirits you take is a nail in your coffin.
你喝的每一杯酒都在缩短你的性命。
你喝的每一杯酒都是你棺材上的一颗钉子。
11.
The first time I saw her, half of my life ago, she nearly
took my breath away.
大半生前第一次见到她，她差点儿把我的呼吸带走。
大半生前第一次见到她，我就惊呆了。
12.
芦笛岩是桂林最精彩的岩洞。
Reed Flute Cave is the most magnificent of all in Guilin.
13.
Don’t cross the bridge till you get to it.
不必担心太早。
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不必自寻烦恼。
14.
Do you see any green in my eye?
你以为我是好骗的吗？
15.
I want a man who will throw his hat over the Chindwin and
then lead his troops after it.
我要的是这样一个人，他决心在亲顿江破釜沉舟，然后率领部队前进。
16.
Ruth was upsetting the other children, so I showed her
the door.
鲁斯一直在扰乱别的孩子，我把他撵了出去。
17.
The operation may not succeed; it’s a gamble whether he
lives or dies.
手术不一定成功，能否保住他的性命，只能一赌。
18.
But after six years of a stormy marriage, Cewe decided
to end it.
六载婚姻生活，风雨交加，赛维决定结束这种婚姻。
19.
The boxes, being museum quality, would have increased in
worth over the years, and made people remember me “with
growing appreciation.”
九只盒子，都足以当作文物收藏在博物馆里，随着岁月流逝，它们的价值还会越来越高，人们也会记住我，“越来越感激”我。
20.
Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person
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beautiful, nor is it a way to make social problems evaporate.
意译：砸镜子并不能解决实际问题。
直译:砸镜子并不能使丑八怪变漂亮，也不能使社会问题烟消云散。
21.
. He had about as much chance of getting a job as of being
chosen mayor of Chicago.
A.他到工作的机会和当选芝加哥市长的机会差不多
B.他到工作的机会简直跟当选芝加哥市长同样困难。
C.他到工作的机会简直微乎其微。
22.
“你真是不到黄河不死心。”她低声地说，无可奈何地摇摇头。（《寒夜》）
“You really do refuse to give in until all hope is gone.”
she murmured, shaking her head helplessly.
23. It is a long lane that had no turning.
误：那是一条没有弯的长巷。
正：无论多长的巷也有弯的地方（路必有弯，事必有变）。
24. We cannot estimate the value of modern science too much.
误：我们不能过高地估计现代科学的价值。
正：对现代科学的价值无论如何重视也不过分。
25. At the door to the restaurant, a stunning, porcelain-faced
woman in traditional costume asked me to remove my shoes.
在通往餐厅的门口有一位迷人的陶瓷般脸蛋的妇女叫我脱下鞋子。
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在通往餐厅的门口有一位妇女，涂脂抹粉、细皮嫩肉、身着和服、十分迷人，她叫我脱下鞋子。
在
通往餐厅的门口有一位妇女，她身着和服，仪态优美，面庞陶瓷般光洁白皙，叫我脱去鞋子。
26. The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift
amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the
incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt.
古老的小日本漂游在灰棕的钢筋混凝土摩天大楼之间的引人景象是和服与超短裙之间的不断斗争的象征。
式样古老小巧的日本房屋像小船一般，漂游在灰棕的钢筋混凝土摩天大楼之间，这引人注目的景象象征着旧传统和新发展之间的不断斗争。
米黄的混凝土摩天大楼之间，飘荡着小小的古老的日本，构成了一道吸引人的风景，恰恰象征着和服与迷你裙间不断的斗争。
27.千字比十字只多一小撇，不是差不多嘛？
The character千 differs from 十 in merely having one
additional short stroke. Aren’t they about the same?
28，我们尽忙着鸡毛蒜皮的事儿，还没有顾得上呢。（新儿女英雄传）
We haven’t had time, we’ve been too busy with chicken feather
and onion skin affairs, with light trivial matters!
29，“八字没有一撇呢 ”
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Not even the first stroke of the character 八 is in sight.
30、三个人品字式坐了，随便谈了几句（子夜）
The three men sat down facing each other and began casually
chatting. (许孟雄、A. C. Barnes译)
2， 归化和异化
翻译的归化/异化（domesticating translation and
foreignizing translation）是在1995年由美国学者L. Venuti（文努迪）所提出的， Venuti十分欣赏布朗绍的名言：“翻译是纯粹的差异游戏：翻译总得涉及差异，也掩饰差异，同时又偶尔显露差异，甚至经常突出差异。这样，翻译本身就是这差异的活命化身。”在他看来，差异在翻译中被弱化的原因有二：首先，长久以来，翻译的讨论被遮蔽了，它在目的语坐标的价值体系中处于边缘化地位，差异非但没有活现，反而处于融化的过程之中。其次，英国和 英语 的价值标准，在战后形成了全球性的优势，从而更加确定了英美国家主义文化的语境。这种语境只接受在意识形态上符合英美文化的意识形态的外语文本。正是在这样一种背景下，归化的翻译为了迎合接受者的口味，总是依照译入语的特定的政治、文化、意识形态的规范对译入文本进行调整，弱式文化只得听从英美文化的摆弄，成为殖民者进行文化殖民的工具。（参见Venuti 1992）
归化翻译的最大特点就是采用流畅地道的英语进行翻译，在这文案大全 实用标准文档
类翻译中，翻译者的努力被流畅的译文所掩盖，译者为之隐形，不同文化之间的差异也被掩盖，目的语主流文化价值观取代了译入语文化价值观，原文的陌生感已被淡化，译作由此而变得透明。从后殖民理论吸取营养的异化翻译策略则将归化翻译视为帝国主义的殖民和征服的共谋，是文化霸权主义的表现。所以，Venuti提倡异化的翻译策略。根据这一策略，译者和译语读者在翻译的过程中努力摆脱来自强势文化的羁绊。异化翻译并不应理解为对应的翻译，它并不能提高译文的忠实性。后殖民学者Robinson认为异化翻译与直译和逐字翻译相关联，只是没有直译那么极端，因为他们并不坚持在翻译中恪守原文句法序列中的个别词语的意义，但却坚持要保留原味。（参见王东风，2002：26）在异化翻译中，新的东西可能会加进去，从而达到凸现译者的身份，提高翻译的地位，并且对翻译的文化霸权进行有力的回击。
归化策略 (domesticating method)
归化是采用民族中心主义态度，是外语文本符合译语的文化价值观，把原作者带入译语文化。
译者在翻译的时候，心中既要想着原作及原作作者，尽可能的把原文的内容和风格准确而生动的表达出来；同时，译者还要想着译文的读者，翻译出来的东西要尽可能接近读者，便于读者理解和接受。
例如：
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Love me, love my dog.
a lion in the way
lick one’s boots
Diamond cuts diamond
A flash in a pan
爱屋及乌。
拦路虎
拍马屁
棋逢对手
昙花一现
风烛残年
雨后春笋
Have one foot in the grave
To grow like mushrooms
One boy is a boy，two boys half a boy，three boys nobody．一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃。
练习：
请用“归化”的翻译方法，翻译下面几句话：
⑴ Lead a dog's life
⑵ Jack of all trades
⑶ A drowned rat
⑷ Let the cat out of the bag.
⑸ Every dog has his day.
⑹ Don't shed crocodile tears to me; you know you are really
glad that they're met with misfortune.
⑺ Your honor, I confess the corn. I was royally drunk.
⑻ Don't play your ace in the hole until the critical moment.
⑼ The gravy train is just not for me.
⑽ George Washington adopted a Fabian policy during the war of
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Independence.
采取归化策略进行翻译时，以下几种汉语成语不宜使用：
映中华民族特殊习俗的
如：“拂袖而去”；“腰缠万贯”；“罄竹难书”等
有汉字特征的
如：“目不识丁”；“八字没一撇”等
含有中国地名的
如：“稳如泰山”；“黔驴技穷”；“夜郎自大”；“洛阳纸贵”等
含有中国人名的
如：“名落孙山”；“江郎才尽”；“事后诸葛亮”等．
异化策略 (foreignizing method)
异化是指对文化价值观的偏离主义的压力下，接受外语文本的语言及文化差异，把读者带入外国情境。异化译法的核心，就是尽量传译原文的“异质因素”，具体说来，就是要尽量传达原作的异域文化特，异语语言形式，以及作者的异常写作手法。
① 异化可以在语音层上出现。例如：
ballet译作“芭蕾舞”
cigar译作“雪茄”
laser过去译成“莱塞”，现译作“镭射”、“激光”
目前大街小巷都风行的“卡拉 OK”等。
② 异化可以在词语层出现。例如：
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“crocodile tears”译作“鳄鱼的眼泪”
“an olive branch”译作“橄榄枝”
“sour grapes”译作“酸葡萄”
“the cold war”译作“冷战”等等。
③ 异化可以在句子结构层次出现。朱生豪翻译的莎士比亚戏剧是公认的佳译，其中就运用了不少“欧化句式”
例如：在《哈姆雷特》第一幕第三场中，波洛涅斯告诫女儿不要轻信哈姆雷特时说：
“You speak like a green girl．Ungifted in such perilous
circumstance．”
朱生豪将其译为：“你讲的话完全像是一个不曾经历过这种危险的不懂事的女孩子。”
异化揭示了深层含义，又再现了原文的表层形式，一方面丰富和完善了汉语的表达力，使表达意思的手段更准确，更多样化；另一方面，也为我们了解西方文化打开了一扇窗户。
练习：
请用“异化”的翻译方法翻译下面十个句子。
⑴ Armed to teeth
⑵ Meet one's Waterloo
⑶ Dark horse
⑷ Crocodile tears
⑸ Ivory tower
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⑹ He looked cool in his new clothes.
⑺ This is the last supper in our college life.
⑻ The cold war between the husband and wife ended when the
husband found a better job.
⑼ The fear that the Black Monday might return soon alarmed
these Wall Streeters.
⑽ The wealth he had boasted for years turned out to be the
emperor's new clothes.
十种翻译技巧
了解完四种翻译方法后，我们再来了解一下十种常用翻译技巧，即重复法(repetition)，增词法(amplification)，省略法(omission)，词类转换法(conversion)，词序调整法(inversion)，拆译法(division)，合译法（combination），正说反译和反说正译法(negation)，语态变换法(voice changes)，引申法（extension）和句子成分转译法。
1重复法(repetition)
重复法(repetition)是在翻译中，为了使译文忠实于原文并且产生意义明确，文字通顺、流畅，符合目的语习惯的文字，而将某一部分文字反复使用的翻译技巧。
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例子：
1. You must ask the mother at home, the children in the
street, the ordinary man in the market and look at their mouth,
how they speak, and translate that way; then they’ll understand
and see that you’re speaking to them in German. （重复谓语动词）
你一定要问一问家庭主妇们，问一问街头玩耍的孩子，问一问集市上做买卖的百姓，听听他们说些什么，他们如何说，你就如何译；这样他们就会理解，就会明白：你是在用德语和他们讲话。
2. We have to analyze and solve problems. (重复宾语)
我们必须分析问题，解决问题。
3. Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as of admiration.
(重复省略的部分)
无知是畏惧之源，羡慕之根。
4. But we still have defects, and very big ones. (指代内容的重复)
但我们仍有不足，而且是很大的不足。
5. The dog is chasing the cat which is chasing a rat which
is having a piece of cheese in its mouth. (指代内容的重复)
那条狗在追着那只猫，而猫又在追着一只老鼠，老鼠的嘴里衔着一块奶酪。
6. 判断我们各方面工作的是非得失，归根到底，要以是否有利文案大全 实用标准文档
于发展社会主义的生产力，是否有利于增强我国的综合国力，是否有利于提高人民的生活水平为标准。
In the final analysis, the criterion for judging the
success or failure of our work in various fields is whether it
helps to develop the productive forces of socialist society,
to strengthen the overall capacity of the country and to improve
the people’s living standards.
7. I had experienced oxygen and /or engine trouble.
我曾碰到过，不是氧气设备了故障，就是引擎出故障，或两者都出故障（重复名词）
8. The three most important effects of an electric current are
heating, magnetic and chemical effects.
电流的三种最重要的效应是热效应、磁效应和化学效应。
9. Alternating stress not only varies in magnitude but also in
direction.
交变应力不仅大小不同，而且方向不同。
10，But his wife kept dinning in his ears about his idleness,
his carelessness, and the ruin he was bringing on his family.
可是他老婆不断地在他耳朵边唠叨个没完，说他懒惰，说他粗心，并且说他一家人都要毁在他的身上。
11, Sleep is most graceful in an infant ; soundest ,in one who
has been tired in the open air; completest ,to the sea man
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after a hard voyage ; most welcome ,to the mind haunted with
one idea ; most touching to look at ,in the parent that has
wept ;lightest ,in the playful child ; proudest ,in the bride
abored .
婴儿的睡眠，最为优美；经过一番户外劳作，疲惫不堪的人的睡眠，最为酣畅； 在艰苦航程之后的水手的睡眠，最为圆满；为某种意念所苦的人，对睡眠最为欢迎；哭泣后的母亲的睡眠，最为动人；一个顽皮小孩的睡眠，最为轻松；一个深受爱慕的新娘的睡眠，最为骄傲。
2增词法(amplification)
在翻译中为了使译文通顺易懂，或是为了行文生动，更符合目的与的语言习惯而采取的增加部分解释性词语、连接词、类属词、概括性词语和代词的做法叫增词法(amplification)。
1. The subsequent generations of this family grew
impoverished by a combination of drought, extortion, and too
many gifts to opera girls, all of which led to their losing face
and their property.
参考译文：在接下来的几代中，因为遭遇旱灾，被人，再加上给优伶的封赏太多，这个家族便最终资财耗尽，风光不再了。
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2, The men squatted in their dark-colored logyis, the
ever-present cheroots clenched between their teeth.
参考译文：男人们穿着深的袍裙，蹲坐在那里，嘴里总是叼着烟。
3, His consideration of the Bible with the language of ordinary
people and his consideration of translation in terms of
focusing on the TL and the TT reader were crucial in his
translation.
他注重使用民众的语言来翻译圣经，注重为目的语和目的语文本的读者考虑，这两点在他的翻译中很关键。
4, This plan with all its disadvantages is considered to be
one of the best.
尽管有种种不周全之处，这个计划仍被认为是最佳计划之一。
5, Flowers bloom all over the yard.
朵朵鲜花满院盛开。
6. Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; writing
an exact man.
读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,写作使人严谨。
7. 不要重复叶公好龙那个故事，讲了多少年的社会主义，临到文案大全 实用标准文档
社会主义跑来他，她又害怕起来了。（《选集》，第五卷）
The story of Lord Ye who professed to love dragons should
not be repeated. One must not just talk about socialism for
years and then suddenly turn pale when socialism comes knocking
at the door.
8, Day after day he came to his work——sweeping, scrubbing,
cleaning.
他每天来干活——扫地，擦桌椅，清理房间。
9, 一个篱笆三个桩，一个好汉三人帮。
A bamboo fence needs the support of three stakes, and an
able man needs the help of three other persons.
Stakes make a bamboo fence stand, and supporters help an
able man succeed.
10, 三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮。
Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge liang
the master mind.
3省略法(omission)
省略法(omission)是为了行文的简洁和更符合目的与习惯，将一些重复的词语或一些已被涵盖的意义省去的翻译方法，而原文的意义并未因此受到任何损失。
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1. When she could no longer decide, she became depressed.
Whenever Dwight picked up the baby to take him to his place or
to the doctor’s for a checkup, she felt relief.
她无法抉择，心情压抑，而前夫马赛一把孩子接走或是送到诊所接受检查，她就会有一种轻松感。
2. Rupert with his flexible young knees sat in a
hunch-and-crouch pose in imitation of the natives.
鲁珀特年龄小，双膝柔韧，学着当地人的样子，弓背缩身地跪坐着。
3. Stainless steel possess good hardness and high strength.
译文：不锈钢硬度大，强度高。
4. Penicillin works by not allowing a bacterium to build
its cell wall.
青霉素的作用是不让细菌制造细胞壁。
5. This is the solid rocky bottom under the ooze and mud
of the ocean floor.
海底软泥和泥层下面是坚硬的岩石层。
6. There is a 30% increase of our installed capacity with
this year.
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今年，我们的装机容量增加了30%。
7. 在工作中，我们必须避免犯不必要的的错误。
We must avoid making mistakes in our work.
8, 质子带阳电，电子带阴电，而中子既不带阳电也不带阴电。
A proton has a positive charge and an electron a negative
charge, but a neutron has neither.
9. He put his hand into his pockets and then shrugged his
shoulders.
他双手插进口袋，耸了耸肩。
10, Smoking is not allowed in the store-house.
仓库重地，严禁吸烟。
11， 匪军所至，杀戮人民，奸淫妇女，焚毁村庄，掠夺财物，无所不用其极。Wherever they went, they massacred and raped, burned
and looted, and stopped at nothing.
12, 前怕龙后怕虎的态度不能造就干部。
“Fearing dragons ahead and tigers behind” will not
produce cadres.
13, 我们党结束了那个时期的社会动荡和纷扰不安的局面。
Our Party has put an end to the social unrest and up heaval
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of that time.
14, 这种人闹什么东西呢？闹名誉，闹地位，闹出风头。（《选集》三卷，779页）
What are these people after? They are after fame and
position and want to be in the limelight.
4词类转换法(conversion)
词类转换法(conversion)是基于两种语言习惯的不同，在翻译中保留词语意义而改变此类的做法。
1. Maya Angelou returned to America in 1964,
with the
intention of
helping Malcolm build his new Organization of
African American Unity.
玛雅 安琪露于1964年返回美国，打算帮助马尔科尔木新建立一个非裔美籍人联合会。
2. Shortly after her
arrival in the United States, Malcolm
was assassinated, and his plans for a new organization died with
him.
马尔科尔木来美不久即遭暗杀，他筹建新组织的计划也随即夭亡。
3.
His (Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.) assassination, falling
on her birthday in 1968, left her devastated（蹂躏，破坏；使文案大全 实用标准文档
荒废）.
1968年她生日那天，小马丁路德金被人暗杀，她痛不欲生。
4. There is a popular
belief
among parents that schools are no
longer interested in spelling.
译文：学生家长普遍认为学校不再对教单词拼写感兴趣。 5. He was
popular among young people. 译文：他在年轻人中很受欢迎。
6. We were most impressed by the fact that even those
patients who were not told of the illness were quite aware of
its potential outcome.
译文：给我们留下极深印象的是：即便那些没有被告知其病情的病人对其疾病的潜在后果也非常清楚。
7. 学生们都应该德、智、体全面发展。
All the students should develop morally, intellectually and
physically.
(名词转副词)
8. 由于我们实行了改革开放政策，我国的综合国力有了明显的增强。
Thanks to the introduction of our reform and opening policy,
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our
comprehensive national strength has greatly improved. (动词转名词)
9. The imitation of living systems, be it direct or indirect,
is very useful for devising machines, hence the
rapid
development of bionics.
对生物系统的模仿，不管是直接的还是间接的，对机械设计都很有用，因此仿生学得以快速发展。
10. Abraham Lincoln wanted to build a government of the
people, by the people, and for the people.
林肯想建立一个民有民治民享的政府。
疏忽几秒钟，贵重的仪表就可能会彻底损坏，无法修复。
11, Some of my class-mates are good singers.
我的同班同学中有些人唱歌唱的很好。
12, Party officials worked long hours on meager food, in cold
caves, by dim lamps.
党的干部吃简陋的饮食，住寒冷的窑洞，靠微弱的灯光，长时间的工作。
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党的干部长时间地工作，而他们吃的是粗陋的饭菜，住的是寒冷的窑洞，点的是昏暗的油灯。
13, Stevenson was eloquent and elegant—— but soft.
史蒂文森有口才，有风度，但很软弱。
14, The Wilde family were religious.
王尔德全家都是虔诚的教徒。
15, He is no smoker, but his father is a chain-smoker.
他不抽烟，可他爸爸却是个老烟。
16, 他的讲演给听众的印象深刻。
His speech impressed the audience deeply.
17, 该厂的产品的主要特点是工艺精湛，经久耐用。
The products of this factory are chiefly characterized by
their fine workmanship and durability
18, 她在最后一幕里占了突出的地位。
She figures prominently in the last act.
19，会议没能取得一致意见就结束了。
The meeting ended in disagreement.
5顺序调整法(inversion)
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为避免字对字，行对行翻译所产生的弊端，翻译中要根据目的与习惯进行词序和句内结构的调整，但顺序调整后的译文不能偏离原文的句子重心。
1. During the early history of the United States, a man
virtually owned his wife and children as he did his material
possessions.
在美国早期历史上，男人就像拥有个人物质财产一样完全拥有自己的妻子和孩子。
2. The medical profession is an example of changed
attitudes in the 19th and 20th centuries about what was regarded
as suitable work for women.
关于什么是适合于女人的工作，19和 20世纪的人们态度发生了转变，其中一例就是对于医疗职业态度的转变。
3.
It also plays an important role in making the earth more habitable, as warm ocean currents bring milder temperatures to places that would otherwise be quite cold.
由于温暖的洋流能把温暖的气候带给那些本来十分寒冷的地区并使之变暖, 因此, 海洋在使我们这个地球更适合人类居住方面也扮演一个重要的角（原因状语从句 ）
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4. Time goes fast for one who has a sense of beauty, when there
are pretty children in a pool and a young Diana on the edge,
to receive with wonder anything you catch!
当你跟可爱的孩子们站在池子里，又有个年轻的狄安娜在池边好奇的接受你捉上来的任何东西的时候，如果你懂得什么叫美的话，时间是过得很快的！
要是你和一可爱的孩子在池塘中捉鱼摸虾，有位天仙般的姑娘站在池边，快活地捡起你们的“战利品”，你若知美，定会觉得时间如白驹过隙，一晃即逝。(逆序法)
5. while the present century was in its teens, and on one
sunshiny morning in June, there drove up to the great iron gate
of Miss Pinkerton’s academy for a young ladies, on Chiswick
Mall, a large family coach, with two fat horses in blazing
harness, driven by a fat coachman in a three-cornered hat and
wig, at the rate of four miles an hour.
(当时)这个世纪刚过了十几年。在六月的一天早上，天气晴朗，启斯维克林荫道上平克顿女子学校的大铁门前面来了一辆宽敞的私人马车。拉车的两匹马套着锃亮的马具，一个肥胖的车夫戴了假发和三角帽子，赶车的速度是一小时四英里。（分译法）
6. The din of the stall-holders crying their wares, of
donkey-boys and porters clearing a way for themselves by
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shouting vigorously, and would-be purchasers arguing and
bargaining is continuous and makes you dizzy.
摆摊的高声吆喝，兜售自己的商品，赶驴的小伙和脚夫扯开嗓门，叫前面的人开道儿让路，买主和店家争来争去、讨价还价，人声喧噪，持续不断，让人头昏脑晕。
7. Baker is typical of many translation scholars who make
detailed use of the terminology of functional grammar and
discourse analysis in that she devotes by far the most attention
to the textual function.
在详细运用功能语法和语篇分析术语的众多翻译学家中，贝克很有代表性，因为到目前为止她是最关注语篇功能的学者。
8, Linguistic differences are of course indicative of cultural
differences, and Venuti is one critic who sees
linguistics-oriented approaches as projecting ‘a conservative
model of translation that would unduly restrict (translation’s) role in cultural innovation and change’.
语言的差异当然表明着文化的差异，韦努提批评语言学导向的研究方法使用的保守翻译模式，它限制了翻译促进文化创新和发展的作用。
9. Many man-made substances are replacing certain natural
materials because either the quantity of the natural products
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can not meet our ever-increasing requirement, or more often,
because the physical property of the synthetic substance, which
is the common name for man-made materials, have been chosen,
and even emphasized, so that it would be of the greatest use
in the fields in which it is to be applied.
合成材料通常称为人造材料。许多人造材料正逐步取代某些天然材料，这或许是因为天然制品的数量不能满足人们日益增长的需求，但更多的则是因为人们看中了合成材料的某种物理性能，并充分发挥这些性能，以便使合成材料在其应用领域中最大限度地发挥作用。（综合法）
10， 中国人也好，外国人也好，死人也好，活人也好，对的就是对的，不对的就是不对的。
What is right is right and what is wrong is wrong, whether
it concerns the Chinese or foreigners, whether it concerns
the dead or the living.
11，能不能尽快的把科学技术搞上去，这是一个关系到社会主义建设的全局，关系到我们国家命运与前途的大问题。
Whether science and technology can be pushed forward as
quickly as possible is a question of vital importance for
socialist construction as a whole and for the destiny and
future of our country.
12，Spring has so much more than speech in its unfolding flowers
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and leaves ,and the coursing of its streams ,and in its sweet
restless seeking!(John Galsworthy:The apple tree)
春花怒放，春水奔流，春天欢腾地无休无止地追逐着，这一切都比语言要丰富得多！
6拆译法(division)与合译法（combination）
这种方法是指为符合汉语流水句的习惯而将英语中过长的句子结构进行拆解或合并的翻译方法。
1. This intuition that looks matter little may be another
instance of our denying real influences upon us, for there is
now a file drawer full of research studies indicating that
appearance is a powerful determinant of initial attraction.
这种认为外貌并不重要的直觉行为，也许是我们否认对我们真正有影响的事物的又一个例子，因为有大量的调查研究的结果表明，外表是最初是否引人注意的重要决定因素。
2. The president, in giving to his most powerful and most
distinguished rival the greatest place which a president has
in his power to bestow, gave an excellent proof of the nobleness
of his own spirit.文案大全
实用标准文档
译文：那位总统把自己的权力所能授予的职位，给予了他的最有势力、而又最为卓越的敌手。 这便是他的崇高精神的最好证据。
3. This will be particularly true since energy pinch will
make it difficult to continue agriculture in high-energy
American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers
with high yields.
这种困境将是确定无疑的, 因为能源的匮乏使农业无法以高能量消耗这种美国耕种方法继续下去了, 而这种耕种方式使投入少数农民就可获得高产成为可能。
4. .He did not remember his father who died when he was three
years old.
他不记得他父亲了, 父亲死时他才三岁。
5. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an
environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or
her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater
intellectual development.
行为主义者认为，如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境中成长，而这些刺激物能够发展其作出适当反应的能力，那么这个儿童将会有更高的智力发展。
6. Sunrays filtered in wherever they could, driving out
darkness and choking the shadows.
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阳光射入了它所能透过的地方，赶走了黑暗，驱散了幽影。
阳光所到之处，黑暗尽消，幽影全无。
7. 中国是个大国，百分之八十的人口从事农业，但耕地只占土地面积的十分之一，其余为山脉、森林、城镇和其他用地。
China is a large country with four-fifths of the
population engaged in agriculture, but only one tenth of
the land is farmland, the rest being mountains, forests and
places for urban and other uses.（合译）
8. My father was not wrong in judging me too young to manage
business of importance.
父亲认为我太年轻，难当重任。他的判断不错。
9 She sat with her hands cupping her chin, staring at a corner
of the little kitchen.
她坐在那儿双手托着下巴，眼睛凝视着小厨房的一角。
10. The military is forbidden to “kill” the vessel, a
relative easy task.
(政府)禁止军方“击毁”这艘潜艇，虽然要击毁该艇并不怎么费事。
11. He was very clean. His mind was open.
他为人单纯而坦率。
12. 芸作新妇，初甚缄默，终日无怒容，与之言，微笑而已。
As a bride, Yun was very quiet at first. She was never sullen
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or displeased, and when people spoke to her, she merely
smiled.
13. 如今没奈何，把你雇在间壁人家放牛，每月可以得他几两银子，你又有现成饭吃，只在明日就要去了。（吴敬梓《儒林外史》）
There’s no way out but to set you to work looking after our
neighbour’s buffalo. You’ll make a little money every month,
and you’ll get your meals there too. You are to start
tomorrow.
14，The sun was coming over the hills. A bass jumped, making
a circle in the water. Nick trailed his hand in the water. It
felt warm in the sharp chill of the morning.
太阳露出山头。一只鲈鱼跳起来，使水面泛起一圈涟漪。尼克把手伸到水里，在清晨凛冽的寒气里，水摸上去很暖和。
15, No stretch of imagination could visualize anything half so
lovely.
即使发挥了最丰富的想象力，也想不到这般美妙的事物。
16，Its gleaming sands and backdrop of pine woods and distant
hills give it a pleasant and restful atmosphere.
这儿沙滩闪烁，松林掩映，远山连绵，自有一种心旷神怡的气氛。
17, Dawn met him well along the way. It as pleasant uneventful
ride.
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在东方欲晓的时候，他早已走了一大段路了，这次骑马旅行是很愉快的，没有碰到意外事件。
18， He crashed down on a protesting chair.
原译：他猛然坐到一张吱吱地发出抗议声的椅子长。
改译：他猛然坐到一张椅子上，椅子被压得吱吱作响。
19, 她已经洗完了衣服，坐在小溪边的石头上撩起布衫揩脸上的汗水。
She hah already finished washing. Seated on a stone beside
the stream, she wiped her perspiring face with her tunic.
20，但他性情不同，既不求官爵，又不交纳朋友，终日闭户读书。
He was, however, eccentric. He did not look for an official
post, and did even have any friends. All day he studied
behind closed doors.
21，年岁不好，柴米又贵；这几件旧衣服和旧家伙，当的当了，卖的卖了；只靠着我替人家做些针指生活寻来的钱，如何供得你读书？（吴敬梓《儒林外史》）
Times are hard, and fuel and rice are expensive. Our old
clothes and our few sticks of furniture have been pawned
or sold. We have nothing to live on but what I make by my
sewing. How can I pay for your schooling?
22， It was in vain that the old lady asked her if she was aware
she was speaking to Miss Pinkerton.(ay:Vanity Fair)
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老太太问她明不明白对他说话的不是别人，是平克顿小。这话毫无效力。
23,华大妈在枕头底下掏了半天，掏出一包洋钱，交给老栓，（C） 老栓接了，抖抖的装入衣袋，又在上面按了两下，便点上灯笼，吹灭灯盏，走向里屋去了（C） 。
After some fumbling under the pillow , his wife produced a
packet of silver dollars which she handed over .Old Shuan
pocketed it nervously ,patted the outside of his pocket
twice ,then lighting a paper lantern and blowing out the
lamp ,went into the inner room .
24, 她一手提着竹篮，内中一个破碗，空的一手拄着一支比她更长的竹竿，下端开了裂，她分明已经纯乎是一个乞丐了。
In one hand she had a bamboo basket containing a chipped ,
empty bowl ; in the other , a bamboo pole , taller than
herself , that was split at the bottom . She had clearly
become a beggar pure and simple .
25, Kings and bears often worry keepers .
国王难事， 狗熊难养。
7正说反译和反说正译法(negation)
这种方法是指为照顾目的语习惯，原语中肯定的或否定的表达可文案大全 实用标准文档
以转换成目的语中否定的或肯定的表达。
1. One by one, these friends, acquaintances, and strangers
from the different times of my shortened life stood by
the casket to say
farewell,adieu,zaijen.
参考译文：在我提前结束的生命里，我在不同时期所结交的朋友，认识的熟人，还有一些陌生人，都一一走到我的棺材前，操着不同的语言跟我说“再见”。
2. And before Marlena could lash into him for such a callous
remark , he aimed his finger toward the other side of the lobby.
参考译文：不等朱马琳指责他对别人漠不关心，他便朝大厅的另一头指了指。
3. The major reason given was that the girls' own
expectations declined because neither their families nor their
teachers expected them to prepare for a future other than that
of marriage and motherhood.
主要原因是姑娘们对自己的期望降低了，因为无论家人还是老师都只是期望她们将来能结婚生子。
4. The method of scientific investigation is nothing but
the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human
mind.
［译文］：科学研究的方法只是人类思维活动的必要表达方式。
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5. It is no less than blackmail to ask such a high price.
(开这么高的价，简直是敲竹杠。)
6. You cannot attach too much importance to the matter.
(你应该非常重视这件事情。)
7. He is no less clever than his brother.
(他和他兄弟一样聪明。)
8. The man over there is none other than our principal.
(站在那儿的人正是我们的校长。)
9无论如何，她算不上一位思维敏捷的学生。
She can hardly be rated as a bright student. (正译)
She is anything but a bright student. (反译)
10. I’m blest if I know.
我一点也不知道。
11. He was an indecisive sort of person and always
capricious.
他这个人优柔寡断，而且总是反复无常。
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12. Miss Fairlie kept to her room all day.
范俐小整日足不出户。
13，油漆未干
Wet paint
14，他新雇来的女佣人懒得出奇，饭量到很大，真是一个无用而又累赘的东西。
His newly employed woman servant was extremely lazy and ate a
lot , no more than
a white elephant.
15，.Her husband hates to see her stony face.
她丈夫不愿见到她那毫无表情的脸。
16，He knew he was mortally ill.
他不知道他得的事不治之症。
8语态变换法(voice changes)
英语被动句多与汉语，因而翻译是要进行相应的语态调整。
1. In some of the European countries, the people are given
the biggest social benefits such as medical insurance.
在有些欧洲国家里，人民享受最广泛的社会福利，如医疗保险等。（被动语态转主动语态）
2. The robot sifter has been put into use.
自动筛机已投入使用。
文案大全 实用标准文档
3. The shell parts of reactor pressure vessels have been
often fabricated with formed plates welded together.
反应堆压力容器的壳体常常由成型钢板焊接而成。
4. All the sounds are fed into a computer and analyzed.
把所有的声音输入电脑进行分析。
5. It would be astonishing if that loss were not keenly felt.
如果人们不强烈地感受到损失，那倒是奇怪了。
6. They were given a hearty welcome.
他们受到热烈欢迎。
7. I was so impressed by these words that I used them later
for a Christmas card.
我为这些话深深感动，后来我就把它们写在圣诞卡上。
8. Last year the region was visited by the worst drought
in 60 years.
去年该地区遭遇了六十年一遇的旱灾。
9. The ship was destined for London.
这艘船开往伦敦。
10. Rainbows are formed when sunlight passes through small
drops of water in the sky.
阳光穿过空气中的小水珠就形成了彩虹。
9 引申法
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1. It is not easy to become a member of that club——they
want people who have plenty of money to spend, not just every
Tom, Dick and Harry.
误译：要加入个俱乐部并不容易——他们要的是有钱花的人，不只是汤姆、迪克和哈利等。
正确译文：要加入那个俱乐部并不容易——他们要的是有钱花的富人，不是随便哪个平民百姓。
2. Dogs don’t speak in the future tense. They live in the
moment.
狗不顾将来，只管眼前。
3. I visited various parts of my own country; and had I
merely a lover of fine scenery, I should have felt little desire
to seek elsewhere its gratification, for on no country have the
charms of nature been more prodigally lavished. Her mighty
lakes like oceans of liquid silver; her mountains with their
bright aerial tints; her valleys, teeming with wild fertility;
her tremendous cataracts, thundering in their solitudes; her
boundless plains, waving with spontaneous verdure; her broad
deep rivers, rolling in solemn silence to the ocean; her
trackless forests, where vegetation puts forth all its
文案大全 实用标准文档
magnificence; her skies, kindling with the magic of summer
clouds and glorious sunshine, —— no, never need an American
look beyond his own country for the sublime and beautiful of
natural scenery.
我游遍祖国山河，如果单是为欣赏美景，那我就犯不着去别处寻这种欲望的满足感；因为在没有别的国家象美国这样有如此迷人的自然景了：广阔的湖泊，如银波闪耀的大海；崇山峻岭，铺上空灵爽朗的彩；深邃的峡谷，繁茂的草木；鸟兽众多，激荡的瀑布在寂静的荒原中轰鸣而下；无边的平原，连绵起伏，蓊蓊郁郁；深而宽阔的河流，浩浩荡荡，无声无息地奔流入海；人迹罕至的森林，处处显露着豪爽的景观；夏日的天空，云朵变幻莫测，阳光灿烂—— 不，一个美国人永远不必去国外寻宏伟壮丽的美景！
4, Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is
not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips and supple knees; it is
a matter of the will, a quality of the imagination, a vigor of
the emotions; it is the freshness of the deep springs of life.
青春不只是人生的一个阶段；它是一种心境。它不是指红润的脸颊，红的嘴唇和柔软弯曲的膝盖；而是指意志力、丰富的想象力、充沛的情感。它是生命深泉之清新。
青春不是年华，而是心态；青春不是粉面、红唇、柔膝，而是坚强的意志，恢弘的想象，炙热的恋情；青春是生命深泉的自在涌流。
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5. Every life has its roses and thorns.
每个人的生活都有甜有苦。
6. New York is not Mecca to me.
纽约不是我心中的圣城。
纽约不是我向往的地方。
7， 郭彩娣笑了，赞赏他的口才说：“说话真会绕弯。”（《上海的早晨》）Guo Caidi smiled and said appreciatively: “He
certainly knows how to keep you guessing.”
8，Long-stemmed models ankled through the lobby (
9、Haie gazes thoughtfully at his great paws and winks at me.
The thrashing was the high water mark of his life. He tells me
he often dreams of it (Brick Remarque: Front>) 哈伊面带沉思地盯着自己的一双大手，对我眨了眨眼。他一生最好的时候，就是在家乡打粒脱谷那会儿。他告诉我说他常常梦见那些日子 10 ，The project is an economic albatross from the start 这个项目从一开始就是一个摆脱不了的经济难题 11，她怕碰一鼻子灰，话到嘴边，他又把它吞了下去。 She was afraid of being snubbed, so she swallowed the words that came to her lips. 12， 为头一人，头戴武巾，身穿团花线袍，白净面皮，三绺髭须，文案大全 实用标准文档 真有龙凤之表。（《儒林外传》） 13， The leader of the band wore a military cap and flowered silk costume. He has a clear complexion, his beard was fine and he looked every inch a King. 那柳湘莲原系世家子弟，…..素性爽侠，不拘细事，酷好耍舞剑，吃酒，以至眠花卧柳，吹笛弹筝，不所不为。 Liu Xiang-lian was a young man of excellent family…He was of a dashing impulsive with spear or saber, drinking, and gambling, but be was not averse play on both the flute and zither. 14, 我要有个三长两短，你给玉山捎个话！（杜鹏程《保卫延安》） If anything should happen to me, let Yushan know! 15，He is a rolling stone ,I don’t think he can go far. 他是一个见异思迁的人，我想他不会有多大出息。 16，By this means she cast in a bone between the wife and the husband. 他用这种手段离间这对夫妻。 17，.He thinks by all this fast talking and flattery he can pull the wool over her eyes ,but she isn’t deceived. 他以为像这样花言巧语加上奉承就可以蒙蔽她，但她没有受骗。 18，If he is unhappy with her… why doesn’t he leave her? She can be happy without him. It is so silly—this cat-and-dog existence. 文案大全 实用标准文档 假使他同她在一块是那么的不幸福……他为什么不离开她呢？她没有他还可以幸福的。这是多么无聊呀——这种经常争吵的生活。 19，有的小伙子还总结出一条“恋爱经验”：”先不能让她知道你是矿工，能把她‘俘虏’了，再亮‘’！”（陈建功：《丹凤眼》） Some of them even came to conclusion about “the art of love ”:”First of all ,you should never let her know you are a miner until you have her completely at your feet.” 10 句子成分转译 英汉两种语言，由于表达方式不尽相同，在具体英译汉时，有时往往需要转换一下句子成分，才能使译达到逻辑正确、通顺流畅、重点突出等目的。句子成分转译作为翻译的一种技巧，其内容和形式都比较丰富，运用范围也相当广泛，共包括五个方面的内容。 1、主语转译技巧，可以将句子的主语转译成汉语中的定语、宾语、状语等。 The wings are responsible for keeping the sir plane in the air. 机翼的用途是使飞机在空中保持不坠。（转译成定语） To get all the stages off the ground ,a first big push is needed. 为了使火箭各级全部离开地面，需要有一个巨大的第一次推力。（转译成宾语） Machinery has made the products of manufactories very much 文案大全 实用标准文档 cheaper than formerly. 因为有了机械的缘故，工厂里出的产品比起以前来，价格便宜多了。（转译成状语） 2、谓语转译技巧。可以将谓语转译成定语。 Radar works in very much the same way as the flashlight .雷达的工作原理和手电筒极为相同。 3、宾语转译技巧。可以将宾语转译成主语。 Automatic lathes perform basically similar functions but appear in a variety of forms. 各种自动车床的作用基本相同，但形式不同 4、定语转译技巧。定语可以转译成谓语和状语。 Neutron has a mass slightly larger than that of proton. 中子的质量略大于质子的质量。（转译成谓语） Scientists in that county are now supplied with necessary books ,equipment and assistant ,that will ensure success in their scientific research. 现在已给该县科学家提供了必要的图书、仪器和助手，以保证科研工作的成功。（转译成状语） Hardened steel contains high carbon content which reacts with the diamond and thus causes serious wear of the diamond tool. 因为淬硬钢材含有高碳成分，从而与金刚石产生化学反应，这样便导致金刚石刀具的严重磨损。 文案大全 实用标准文档 5、状语转译技巧。状语转译一般指的是状语从句的转译。它可分作把时间状语从句转译成条件状语从句，把地点状语从转译成条件状语从句和把原因状语从句转译成困果偏正复句中的主语等三种形式。 These three colors, red, green, and violet, when combined, produced white. 红、绿和紫这三种颜如果合在一起就变成白。（时间状语从句转译成条件状语从句） Where there is nothing in the path of beam of light ,nothing is seen. 如果光束通道上没有东西，就什么也看不到。（地点状语从句转译成条件状语从句） Because he was convinced of the accuracy of this fact, he stuck to his opinion. 他深信这件事正确可靠，因此坚持已见。（原因状语从句转译成因果偏正复合句中的主句） 文案大全 古代历史小故事250字-